Alisa DiCaprio
Steven Beck
Kijin Kim
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| ADB estimates the 2017 global trade finance gap at $1.5 trillion. |
2017 was the year that blockchain fully captivated trade finance. Every discussion of trade finance included at least a mention of financial technology (fintech).
In the annual ADB Trade Finance Gaps, Growth and Jobs Survey, we expected to find the 500+ surveyed banks and 1,300+ firms reporting significant changes in the trade finance ecosystem.
What we found instead suggests that while trade and finance are changing dramatically, trade finance is shifting more slowly. This is an important distinction for policy makers seeking to drive more finance to the small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) sector.
Initiated in the shadow of the global financial crisis, the ADB survey has found consistent shortfalls in trade finance for the most vulnerable populations. The 2017 survey estimated the global trade finance gap at $1.5 trillion.
40% of global trade finance rejections are in Asia-Pacific
Asia and the Pacific accounts for 40% of the global gap. Within the region, half of the rejections are in developing Asia (including India and the People’s Republic of China). In part, this reflects the high dependence of our region on traditional documentary credits. 77% of global export letters of credit originate in Asia and the Pacific.
But it also underscores the difficulties presented by the last few years of banks shedding correspondent relationships in less profitable corridors.
One question is whether a rejection by a bank causes the transaction to fail. There are different types of funding rejected firms may use to finance a trade transaction. However, SMEs tend to have relatively un-diversified sources of finance. 60% of firms report that once the transaction is rejected, the trade fails.
Lack of trade finance resulting in foregone trade may eventually lead to foregone jobs: our analysis shows that a 10% decline in trade finance is associated with a 1% decrease in SME employment.
Much of the gap is potentially bankable
In an effort to understand whether the rejected transactions were “bankable” or eligible for banking service, banks were asked to classify the reasons for rejections. Only 20% of rejected transactions were considered unbankable. The other categories included reasons such as additional collateral required, low profit margin, and know-your-customer (KYC) concerns.
Both banks and firms have high expectations that fintech will fill gaps. 66% of banks expect that fintech will enable more effective SME credit assessments. 70% of firms expect that fintech funding platforms will reduce gaps.
But questions related to use show a very different picture. In the 2015 survey, only 38% of banks in Asia and the Pacific reported good progress in digitization. And there was no difference between more and less digitalized banks in their rejections of SME trade finance applications.
44% of firms surveyed in 2017 had never heard of fintech. Only about 20% reported using it. Peer-to-peer lending was the most commonly used platform for the second year in a row (the question has only been asked twice).
Woman-led firms more likely to be rejected in trade finance applications
Looking at data from both 2016 and 2017, we can see that exporting firms owned by women are the most active users of fintech. 62% of firms that report using fintech are owned by women. This is surprising given the digital gender divide that has been shown in the literature on basic finance.
Woman-led firms are more likely to be rejected in their applications for trade finance, but more likely to search for alternatives, not giving up after a rejection.
However, overall trade facilitation for women including trade finance has a long way to go. Trade facilitation for women is two of the least implemented areas in trade facilitation along with SMEs (according to the UNESCAP’s latest survey).
Policy implications
Where the goal is to promote SME finance, we need to remember that fintech is not yet eclipsing any part of the financial sector and, importantly, is not having a positive impact on the gap.
There are policy lessons to be drawn from this research. Fintech’s ability to reduce the cost of delivering finance addresses just one component part of the SME finance problem.
To reduce financing gaps, it is critical that fintech move forward to address due diligence challenges associated with performance and compliance (financial crimes) risks.
Two policy suggestions can be drawn from this report.
To curb trade finance gap, fintech must address due diligence challenges
First, target the features of SMEs that keep them excluded. This can be done by promoting better firm identification to make all transactions—both informal and digital—visible. A solution to this is the LEI initiative, a globally harmonized numeric identity for all companies.
Second, establish digital standards in trade. These standards, both technical and regulatory, would address the inoperability problem that impedes creating metadata.
This metadata is needed to underpin due diligence on performance and other risks that inhibit financial institutions from providing more support to SMEs.
These recommendations require leadership, and can only be achieved through a collaborative effort between the public and private sectors, banking, fintech, industry and logistics.
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